Descriptive Text

Text or speech that is meant to give a verbal picture of an object, character, location, or event. Description is considered one of the four traditional forms of composition (along with exposition, narration, and persuasion).

 

Generic Structure of Descriptive text are :

Generic Stucture:

a. Identification: identifies the phenomenon to be described

b. Description: describes parts, qualities, characteristics

Significant lexicogrammatical features:

Focus on specific participants, use simple present tense

Social function of Descriptive text, are :

To describe a particular person, place or thing and here is an example of descriptive text

Natural Bridge National Park

Natural Bridge National Park is luscious tropical rainforest.

It is located 110 kilometers south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numimbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park.

The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural ‘arch’ and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short one-kilometer walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms.

Picnic areas offer toilets, barbeque, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted.  

Example Of Descriptive Text :):)

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.

Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. 

Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.

Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

 

Direct and Indirect speech :D

Definition ::)

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said.	He said he might go to the cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.	She said her name was Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.

Direct speech (exact quote)	Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said.	She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.

Time change

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Today	+ 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations."	She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
today	›	yesterday ...
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example:-

At work	At home
"How long have you worked here?"	She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Pronoun change

In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.
For example:

Me	You
"I teach English online."	She said she teaches English online.

Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:-
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
!Note - Here me is the object.
We usually use said without an object.
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to ;
For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.
!Note - We usually use told.
For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.
These include:-

accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.

Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.
For example:
He asked me to come to the party:-

He invited me to the party.

He begged me to come to the party.

He ordered me to come to the party.

He advised me to come to the party.

He suggested I should come to the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often used.
For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.
However, that is optional.
For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.
!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.
For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.

Modals in the Past form :)

Definition ::^

Modals in the Past form is the word in the past tense modal auxiliary.

Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall
*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Nia : I’m having trouble with math.
Rizki : Why don’t you ask Novita ?
Perhaps she could help you.
*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.
Example :
Helda : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home.
Fany : He might get a flat time.



*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Yoan : What did you usually do on holidays ?
Lia : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.
*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Mrs. Lady : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Nita : No, Not at all.
*Should + Verb base
Example :
Nisa : Ima , you should go to library now ?

Modals in the Past

can't have	could	could have	couldn't	couldn't have
didn't need to	had to	may have	may not have	might have
might not have	must have	needn't have	ought not to have	ought to have
should have	shouldn't have	would have	would not

 

can't have

certainty e.g. I can't have lost my keys! (I'm sure I didn't)

could	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I could go out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. Tom could walk by the age of 8 months.

could have	possibility, but did not happen e.g. I could have passed my driving test if I'd really tried.
	uncertainty e.g. I guess it could have been Sandra on the phone.

    

couldn't	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. I couldn't walk until I was 2.
	ability in a particular situation e.g. I tried hard but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us.

couldn't have	possibility/ability e.g. I couldn't possibly have passed my driving test, even if I'd tried harder.
	uncertainty e.g. It couldn't have been Sandra on the phone, could it?
	with comparative adjectives e.g. I couldn't have asked for better weather on my wedding day.
	unwillingness e.g. I couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't).

        

didn’t need to

unnecessary action not done e.g. As I was alone this weekend, I didn't need to do any cooking (so I didn't).

had to

obligation (past form of must) e.g. I couldn't go out last night because I had to do my homework.

may have

uncertainty e.g. I guess I may have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.

may not have

uncertainty e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

might have	possibility (didn't happen) e.g. You might have been killed!
	uncertainty e.g. I guess I might have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.
	annoyance at someone's failure to do something e.g. You might have told me that you had invited all your colleagues round for dinner!
	might have known + would (idiom to ironically express that somebody's action was typical) e.g. I might have known that he would finish with me as soon as he found out I wasn't wealthy!

might not have

uncertainty e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

must have	certainty e.g. He must have known how much it was going to cost.  (I'm sure he knew.)
	with surely in exclamations e.g.  Surely he must have known how much it was going to cost!

needn't have

unnecessary action that was actually done  e.g.  Oh, you needn't have done the washing up!

ought not to have

criticism (more common is shouldn't have) e.g. You ought not to have been so frank with him.

ought to have

expectation (should have is more common) Why is she late?  She ought to have arrived by now!

should have	expectation Why is she late?  She should have arrived by now!
	should have + verbs of thinking e.g. I should have thought you knew.
	with be and adjectives, describing chance e.g. It was weird that you should have been staying in the same hostel last month.
	criticism (you didn't do something, but it would have been the right thing to do) e.g.  The party was such fun last night!  You should have come!

shouldn't have	criticism e.g. You shouldn't have been so frank with him.
	polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or favour "Here's a bottle of wine for you" "Oh, you really shouldn't have!"

would have	events in the past that did not happen e.g.  I wouldn't have gone out with him, but he didn't ask me.
	assumptions e.g. Oh, that would have been Sarah on the phone just now.

would not

unwillingness e.g. I asked Tom to close the window, but he wouldn't do it.

Narrative Text -^

Definition Of narrative text :~

The telling of a story or an account of a sequence of events. One of the four traditional forms of composition (along with description, exposition, and persuasion). Narration differs from exposition, which can also relate a sequence of events, in that narration need not be factual and may be written from the perspective of a character in the text.

Example ::>

 The Story Of Lake Toba

Once upon a time, there was a man who was living in north Sumatra. He lived in a simple hut in a farming field. The did some gardening and fishing for his daily life.
One day, while the man was do fishing, he caught a big golden fish in his trap. It was the biggest catch which he ever had in his life. Surprisingly, this fish turned into a beautiful princess. He felt in love with her and proposed her to be his wife. She said; "Yes, but you have to promise not to tell anyone about the secret that I was once a fish, otherwise there will be a huge disaster". The man made the deal and they got married, lived happily and had a daughter.
Few years later, this daughter would help bringing lunch to her father out in the fields. One day, his daughter was so hungry and she ate his father’s lunch. Unfortunately, he found out and got furious, and shouted; “You damned daughter of a fish”. The daughter ran home and asked her mother. The mother started crying, felt sad that her husband had broke his promise.
Then she told her daughter to run up the hills because a huge disaster was about to come. When her daughter left, she prayed. Soon there was a big earthquake followed by non-stop pouring rain. The whole area got flooded and became Toba Lake. She turned into a fish again and the man became the island of Samosir.

Asking For Information

Definition -#
>* Asking for information is to ask some information to others.

ASKING FOR INFORMATION EXPRESSION

Let me tell you about my school. My school is located in a suburban area near Mahakam Street. It is near the greatest landmark. It is one of the best schools in our town. Uhm…my school is not small at all. The library is in front of the school building. Oh yes, I almost forget, it has a cozy playground at the back and 27 large classrooms to study. There is a large basketball field in the middle. Two toilets, one for males and the other for females. And of course, it has 3 laboratories for chemistry, biology, and physics. The school building consists of two-stair-classroom, upper classrooms and lower classrooms. The canteen is the students’ most favorite place. That’s all about my school.

Get It Right

Ways to say it

Asking for information
• I’d like to know ….
• I’m interested in …..
• Could you tell me ….?
• Do you know ….?
• Could you find out …?
• Could I ask …?
• Do you happen to know …?

Guessing
• I’d say …
• Could it be …
• Perhaps it’s …
• I think it’s …
• It looks like …
• It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …


Right or wrong

Correct:
• That’s right.
• Right.
• OK.
• Yes.
• Exactly!

Wrong
• No, I’m afraid not.
• Not quite.
• You’re close.
• I don’t know.
• I’m not sure.

Definition

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.

Purpose

Inviting guest (family, friend etc.) to attend in our party, celebration and kind of it.

Type of Invitation

1.   Formal Invitation

An invitation usually originate from institute, companies, and kind of it. Characteristic of formal invitation we usually found language use is a formal.

2.   Informal Invitation

Personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. usually informal invitation attend to more close with friend and family, beside is can make and share memories about event has been held.

EXPRESSING INVITATION

How to say it............


Giving Invitation

Study the dialogue below!
      Dan   : Have you got anything to do night, Deby?
      Deby : I don’t think so. Why?
      Dani   : My Friends is going to celebrate his wedding party tonight. He invited me. I don’t want to
                  go allone. I don’t know withy whom should i go there. Would you like to accompany me, Dani?
      Deby : I’d (would) love to, but what time, Dani?
      Dani : What about at seven o’clock? I’ll pick you up.
      Deby : Ok that’s fine.
      Dani : Thank’s, Deby you’re very kind.

Giving Invitations (invite someone)
- Would you like to come to my place for dinner tonight, please?
- Would you like to go to a football game on Saturday?
- Would you like to accompany me to the party?
- Would you like to come to the opera house?
- Can you come over on Saturday night?
- In a shop, “can I help you , mom?” no, thank you. I’m beeing served

Respond: To accept an invitation
- With pleasure.
- I would like to very much
- I would love to
- yes, certainly I will come
- I would, very much

Declining/ refusing Invitation
- I would like to very much but I’m afraid I can’t
- I’m afraid I can’t, I’ve already got an appointment.
- Thank’s but I’m afraid I can’t. I have an exam to study for

Surprise and Disbelief :)

Definition -*

DEFINITION SURPRISE AND DISBELIEF A feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression that we show/ say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe .Used to express something taht we cant or impossible.

 EXPRESSING SURPRISE and DISBELIEF

NEUTRAL	INFORMAL	FORMAL
That’s very surprising. Really? Here? Is she? That is a surprise. What a surprise. Good heavens. That’s amazing/extraordinary. My goodness.	What? No! I don’t believe it! Are you serious? Well, I never! Oh, no! Fantastic! You don’t say. Who’d have thought it? Fancy that. You’re kidding.	I find that very surprising. I must say it surprises me. I find it extraordinary. Indeed? How very surprising. I must say it surprises me.

TASK 1
BELIEVE IT OR NOT!
Do you belief to the following statements??
1)       A cat gets married with a dog.
2)       A banana tree produces orange fruits.
3)       A woman gave a birth to a baby crocodile.
TASK 2
Study the following dialogue and underline which phrases express disbelief.
Alex     :  I went to Soraksan last weekend.
Brian     :  Really, who did you go with?
Alex     :  Only my girlfriend and I went.
Brian     :  You’re kidding… your girlfriend went with you?  Did anyone else go?
Alex     :  No, just the two of us.  We had a great time.  We climbed Sorak Mountain, had dinner at the Kensington Hotel and climbed up to Teetering Rock.  It was incredible.
Brian     :  Let me get this straight.  You and your girlfriend went alone to Sorak?
What about her folks and your folks, did they know about this trip.
Alex     :  Oh yeah…it was no problem.
Brian     :  Seriously,… I find this hard to believe… I know your parents, they wouldn’t allow this.
Alex     :  Honestly, it was no problem
Brian     :  Wow, I wish my folks were that liberal and open-minded.
LET’S COMPARE

EXPRESSIONS	FUNCTIONS
ü      Are you serious? ü      No! I don’t believe it. ü      You must be joking. ü      You’re kidding.	Expressing disbelief
ü      Really? ü      That’s very surprising. ü      What a surprise! ü      My goodness.	Expressing surprise

TASK 3
Complete the following conversation with the correct expressions of disbelief and surprise. Then, practice the conversations with your partner.

Conversation 1.
Joe         :  What did you do yesterday?
May        :  Not much, I read a book.
Joe         :_______
May        :  How about you?
Joe         :  I watched TV for a couple of hours and went to bed early.  I’ve been really tired lately.
May        :  _______   What from?
Joe         :  Nothing in particular,  I think I’m just bored.
Conversation 2.
Al             : I’m never gonna get married!!!!
Bia          :_________  Why?
Al               I hate all women/men
Bia          :_______________________________________  I thought you had three girl/boyfriends?!
Al             :  I did but they all found out about each other and now none of them will talk to me.
I really loved one of them too… what was her/his name? Hmm?….
Bia          :_______________________________________  You don’t know what love is.
You’ll get married when you fall in love.  Right now you’re frustrated and its your own damn fault.
Conversation 3.
Charlie   :  I went skiing about 15 times this past winter.
Zack       :  __________  Where did you go?
Charlie   :  All over the place but most of the time I went to Banff in Canada and skied at a place called Lake Louise
Zack       :  ___________________________________________  That must have been really expensive.
Charlie   :  It was but I won the lottery last year so I had plenty of extra money to blow.
Zack       :  ______________________________________________________________
Charlie   :  ______________________________________________________________Continue  It.